* New tree configuration of the project:

.../
   ...           + -- EO
   |             |
   |             |
   +-- src ----- + -- EDO
   |             |
   |             |
   +-- test      + -- MO
   |             |
   |             |
   +-- tutorial  + -- MOEO
   |             |
   |             |
   +-- doc       + -- SMP
   |             |
   |             |
   ...           + -- EOMPI
                 |
                 |
                 + -- EOSERIAL

Question for current maintainers: ./README: new release?

Also:

* Moving out eompi & eoserial modules (issue #2).

* Correction of the errors when executing "make doc" command.

* Adding a solution for the conflicting headers problem (see the two CMake Cache
 Values: PROJECT_TAG & PROJECT_HRS_INSTALL_SUBPATH) (issue #1)

* Header inclusions:
        ** src: changing absolute paths into relative paths ('#include <...>' -> '#include "..."')
        ** test, tutorial: changing relative paths into absolute paths ('#include "..."' -> '#include <...>')

* Moving out some scripts from EDO -> to the root

* Add a new script for compilation and installation (see build_gcc_linux_install)

* Compilation with uBLAS library or EDO module: now ok

* Minor modifications on README & INSTALL files

* Comment eompi failed tests with no end

*** TODO: CPack (debian (DEB) & RedHat (RPM) packages) (issues #6 & #7) ***
This commit is contained in:
Adèle Harrissart 2014-08-04 13:40:28 +02:00
commit 490e837f7a
2359 changed files with 7688 additions and 16329 deletions

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How to install EoMPI
====================
Install OpenMpi
---------------
1) Download OpenMPI on their website or with the following command:
wget http://www.open-mpi.org/software/ompi/v1.6/downloads/openmpi-1.6.tar.bz2
2) Untar the downloaded archive in a directory and change working directory to there:
tar -xvjf openmpi*.tar.bz2
cd openmpi-X.Y
3) Use configuration script to indicate in which directory OpenMPI should be installed, and other options:
Simplest configuration:
./configure --prefix=/home/`whoami`/openmpi/
Only static libraries:
./configure --enable-static --disable-shared
Only static libraries, with prefix, disable build for Fortran77 and Fortran90, add support for SGE:
./configure --enable-static --disable-shared --prefix=/home/`whoami`/openmpi/ --disable-mpi-f77 --disable-mpi-f90 --with-sge
Other options are available in the README file.
4) Make it and install:
In sequential:
make all install
Or in parallel:
make -j 2 all
make install
5) Try to compile and run the sample program:
~/openmpi/bin/mpicxx -o sample mpi.c
~/openmpi/bin/mpirun -np 3 ./sample
Configure EO to use MPI
-----------------------
You only need to configure eo-conf.cmake so as to use MPI :
1) Put the WITH_MPI boolean to true:
SET(WITH_MPI TRUE CACHE BOOL "Use mpi ?" FORCE)
2) Indicate in which directories you have installed openmpi:
SET(MPI_DIR "/where/did/you/install/openmpi" CACHE PATH "OpenMPI directory" FORCE)
3) Recompile eo:
./distclean
./build_gcc_linux_release.sh
4) If you meet any issue, don't hesitate to contact the EO mailing list:
eodev-main@lists.sourceforge.net

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<section class="slide" id="title-slide">
<h1>EO's Parallelization with MPI</h1>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>What is parallelization?</h2>
<ul>
<li><h3>Divide and Conquer paradigm</h3>
<p>A difficult problem can be splitted into simpler sub problems.</p>
<p>Therefore the sub problems should be solved faster.</p>
</li>
<li class="slide"><h3>Parallelize.</h3>
<p>Process serveral tasks together (<em>concurrent programming</em>).</p>
<p>By different ways :
<ul>
<li><em>Shared memory</em> : Multitask, OpenMP, etc.</li>
<li><em>Message Passing Interface</em> : MPI.</li>
<li>Other ways, undetailed here: <em>coroutines</em>, <em>multi-thread / LightWeightProcess</em>,
<em>Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)</em>, <em>General Purpose GPU (GPGPU)</em>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Shared memory (e.g : OpenMP)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="slide"><strong>Multicore</strong> : more than one core per processor.
<ul>
<li>Processes several instruction streams together, each one manipulating different datas.</li>
<li>Different from <em>superscalar</em> processors, which can process more than one instruction during a
single processor cycle.</li>
<li>A multicore processor can however be superscalar.</li>
<li>For instance : <em>IBM's Cell microprocessor (PlayStation3)</em></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="slide"><strong>Symmetric multiprocessing</strong> : More than one processor which communicate through
a specific bus.
<ul>
<li><em>Bus contention</em> is the principal limitating factor.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="slide">The main drawback is explicitly contained in the name.
<ul>
<li>Memory is <em>shared</em></li>
<li>Bus contention?</li>
<li>Low memory?</li>
<li>Use of virtual memory (swap) and page faults?</li>
<li>=> Can slow the speedup compared with the number of processors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Message Passing Interface (e.g : OpenMPI)</h2>
<p>Memory isn't shared here, manipulated objects are sent on a network: there is communication between the machines
(called <em>hosts</em>)</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Cluster</strong>
<ul class="slide">
<li>Several machines network connected (for instance, in an Ethernet network).</li>
<li>Can have different specifications, but this can affect load balancing.</li>
<li>Most of the <em>supercomputers</em> are clusters.</li>
<li>For exemple : Beowulf Cluster, Sun Grid Engine...</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Massive parallel processing</strong>
<ul class="slide">
<li>This is not machines but processors which are directly connected by network.</li>
<li>Like a cluster, but the networks are specific, so as to wire more processors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Grid (a.k.a Distributed Computing)</strong>
<ul class="slide">
<li>Networks with potentially high latence and low bandwith, like Internet.</li>
<li>Example of programs : BOINC, Seti@home...</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h1>Parallelization myths</h1>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>A myth about speed: the car's enigma</h2>
<ul>
<li class="slide">If a car has to travel 100 Km, but has yet traveled 60 Km in 1 hour (i.e it has an average
speed of 60 Km per hour), what is its maximal average speed on the whole traject
?</li>
<p><img src="http://www.canailleblog.com/photos/blogs/chevaux-trop-rigolo-229540.jpg" /></p>
<li class="slide">Some hints:
<ul>
<li>The driver can use all the hilarious gas (N<sub>2</sub>O, nitrous oxyde, a.k.a <em>nitro</em>) he
needs.</li>
<li>Let's suppose even that the car can travel at speed of light, or teleport (despite general theory of
relativity).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="slide">The solution: <strong>100 Km/h</strong></li>
<li class="slide">The explanation: let's suppose that the car teleports after the first 60 Km. It would have
traveled 60 Km in 1 hour and 40 Km in 0 seconds, which is 100 Km in 1 hour: 100 Km/h.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>A myth about speed: "Il dit qu'il voit pas le rapport ?"</h2>
<p><img src="http://r.linter.fr/questionnaire/document/image/250/7241.jpg" /></p>
<ul class="slide">
<li>Let P be the parallelizable proportion of the program (~ the remaining distance to travel), which can be
processed by N machines.</li>
<li>Then 1 - P is the sequential (non parallelizable) proportion of the program (~ the already traveled distance), which
can be processed by 1 machine.</li>
<li>A sequential version would take 1 - P + P = 1 unit (of time) to terminate.</li>
<li>A parallel version would take (1-P) + P / N units to terminate.</li>
<li>The <em>speedup</em> (gain of speed) would then be:
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/f/4/0/f40f1968282e110c7e65222d2b5d3115.png"
style="height:100px;"/>
which tends to 1-P as N tends to infinity.</li>
<li>The maximal theoritical speedup (~ maximal average speed) would then be 1 / (1-P)</li>
<li><h3>This result is known as Amdahl's law</h3></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>A myth about data : the cat's enigma</h2>
<ul>
<li class="slide">
<p>If 3 cats catch 3 mices in 3 minutes, how many cats are needed to catch 9 mices in 9
minutes ?
<img src="http://www.creabar.com/photo/Animaux/ggq91fch.jpg" />
</p>
</li>
<li class="slide">The solution: 3 too !</li>
<li class="slide">A better question to ask would be: how many mices can catch 9 cats in 3 minutes ?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>A myth about data</h2>
<ul>
<li>The idea is no more to make a processing faster (for a constant amount of data) but to process more data (in
the same time).</li>
<li>In this case, the most hosts we add, the most data we can process at a time.</li>
<li>This doesn't contradict Amdahl's Law, which makes the assumption that the amount of data to process stays
the same.</li>
<li>There is also another way to calculate speedup here:
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/1/9/f/19f6e664e94fbcaa0f5877d74b6bffcd.png"
style="height: 50px;" />
where P is the number of processes, alpha the non parallelizable part of the program.
</li>
<li><h3>This result is known as the Gustafson's Law</h3></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>A metric: speedup</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Speedup</strong> refers to how much a parallel algorithm is faster than a corresponding sequential algorithm</li>
<li>It's a quantitative mesure, relative to the sequential version :
<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/a/8/0/a8080d5bd23d7ba57a9cf4fedcefadad.png"
style="height:100px;"/>
where T<sub>1</sub> is the time taken by the sequential version and T<sub>p</sub> the time taken by the parallel version with p
processes.
</li>
<li>A speedup equal to one indicates that the version is as performant as the sequential version.</li>
<li>Practically, speedup may not be linear in number of processes (Amdahl's Law)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h1>Parallelization in EO</h1>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Objectives</h2>
<ul>
<li>Remember, tasks have to be independant from one to another.</li>
<li>Process data faster: what takes time in EO?
<ul class="slide">
<li>Evaluation!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Process more data during the same time: where?
<ul class="slide">
<li>Multi-start!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other objectives :
<ul>
<li>Readily serialize EO objects.</li>
<li>Be able to easily implement other parallel algorithms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Evaluation: Long story short</h2>
<pre class="sh_cpp"><code>
int main( int argc, char **argv )
{
eo::mpi::Node::init( argc, argv );
// PUT EO STUFF HERE
// Let's make the assumption that pop is a eoPop&lt;EOT&gt;
// and evalFunc is an evaluation functor
eo::mpi::DynamicAssignmentAlgorithm assign;
eoParallelPopLoopEval&lt;EOT&gt; popEval( assign, eo::mpi::DEFAULT_MASTER, evalFunc );
popEval( pop, pop );
}
</code></pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Serializing EO objects</h2>
<ul>
<li>Serializing is writing a message from a binary source into a message transmissible data.</li>
<li>Several formats can be used
<ul class="slide">
<li>Binary directly - but all the hosts have to be the same!</li>
<li>Text based formats: XML, YAML, JSON,...</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>So why use text?
<ul class="slide">
<li>It's human readable, more or less easily parsable.</li>
<li>It's independant from the data type representations on the machines (e.g: an int on a 32 bits and on
a 64 bits machines are not the same).</li>
<li>Main drawbacks: it takes more space and it needs a processing for encoding and decoding.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>eoserial : principle</h2>
<img src="./img/serialisation.png" style="float:left;margin-right:25px;" />
<ul>
<li>JSON serialization
<ul class="slide">
<li>Lighter than XML.</li>
<li>Easily parsable, the grammar is trivial.</li>
<li>Allows to represent tables, objects and texts: it's sufficient!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>What happens in your life when you're serializable?
</li>
<li>Implement interface eoserial::Persistent and your object can be saved and loaded, in JSON format.</li>
<li>No need to serialize the whole object, you choose what you need to save and load.</li>
<li>Everything can be serialized!<ul class="slide">
<li>Atomic types are directly serialized into eoserial::String (thanks to std::stringstream)</li>
<li>Arrays are serializable (into eoserial::Array), if what they contain is too.</li>
<li>Object can be serializable (into eoserial::Object), if what they contain is too.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>eoserial : interface eoserial::Persistent</h2>
<pre class="sh_cpp">
<code>
# include &lt;serial/eoSerial.h&gt;
class MyObject : public eoserial::Persistent {
public:
// A persistent class needs a default empty ctor.
MyObject() {}
int id;
// Implementation of eoserial::Persistent::pack
// What to save when making a serialized object?
eoserial::Object* pack() const
{
eoserial::Object* obj = new eoserial::Object;
// eoserial::make creates a eoserial::String from a basic type
eoserial::String* idAsString = eoserial::make( id );
// the key "saved_id" will be associated to the JSON object idAsString
obj->add( "saved_id", idAsString );
// could have be done with
// (*obj)["saved_id"] = idAsString;
// as obj is a std::map pointer
return obj;
}
// Implementation of eoserial::Persistent::unpack
// What data to retrieve from a JSON object and where to put it?
void unpack(const eoserial::Object* json)
{
// retrieves the value from key "saved_id" in "*json" object and put it into member "id"
eoserial::unpack( *json, "saved_id" , id );
}
};
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>eoserial : use it</h2>
<pre class="sh_cpp">
<code>
# include &lt;eoSerial.h&gt;
# include &lt;fstream&gt;
# include &lt;cassert&gt;
int main(void)
{
MyObject instance;
instance.id = 42;
// Writes
eoserial::Object* obj = instance.pack();
std::ofstream ofile("filename");
obj->print( ofile );
ofile.close();
delete obj;
// Reads
std::ifstream ifile("filename");
std::stringstream ss;
while( ifile )
{
std::string s;
ifile &gt;&gt; s;
ss &lt;&lt; s;
}
eoserial::Object* objCopy = eoserial::Parser::parse( ss.str() );
MyObject instanceCopy;
instanceCopy.unpack( objCopy );
assert( instanceCopy.id == instance.id );
return 0;
}
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>eoserial : more complex uses</h2>
<pre class="sh_cpp"><code>
struct ComplexObject
{
bool someBooleanValue; // will be serialized into a string
MyObject obj; // Objects can contain other objects too
std::vector&lt;int&gt;; // and tables too!
};
int main(void)
{
ComplexObject co;
// let's imagine we've set values of co.
eoserial::Object* json = new eoserial::Object;
// serialize basic type
(*json)["some_boolean_value"] = eoserial::make( co.someBooleanValue );
// MyObject is Persistent, so eoserial knows how to serialize it
json->add( "my_object", &co.obj );
// Instead of having a "for" loop, let's automatically serialize the content of the array
json->add( "int_array",
eoserial::makeArray&lt; std::vector&lt;int&gt;, eoserial::MakeAlgorithm &gt;( co.array ) );
// Print everything on the standard output
json->print( std::cout );
delete json;
return 0;
}
</code></pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>MPI</h2>
<ul>
<li>We know how to serialize our objects. Now, we need to transmit them over the network.</li>
<li><strong>Message Passing Interface</strong> (MPI) is a norm.</li>
<li>OpenMPI implements it, in C, in the SPMD (Single Program Multiple Data) fashion. It is an active community
and the library is very well documented.</li>
<li>Boost::mpi gives it a C++ flavour (and tests each status code returned by MPI calls, throwing up exceptions
instead).</li>
<li>MPI helps by:
<ul class="slide">
<li>Managing the administration of roles: each MPI process has a <em>rank</em> and knows the whole
<em>size</em> of the cluster.</li>
<li>Regrouping outputs of different processes into one single output.</li>
<li>Managing the routing of messages and connections between the processes.</li>
<li>Launch a given number of processes via SSH, or a cluster engine (like SGE).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>MPI doesn't deal with:
<ul class="slide">
<li>Debugging: if one of your program segfaults, buy a parallel debugger or... Good luck!</li>
<li>More generally, knowing what happens: even the standard output becomes a shared resource without any
protection!</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h1>Design of parallel algorithms</h1>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Some vocabulary</h2>
<ul>
<li>In the most of cases, we want the results to be retrieved in one place. Besides, communication in MPI is
synchronous (it's a design choice making things are simpler).</li>
<li>One process will have particular responsabilities, like aggregating results: it's the <strong>master</strong>.</li>
<li>Other processes will be used to do the processing (it's the goal, after all?) : they're the
<strong>workers</strong>. Or <strong>slaves</strong>, but it may be <em>patronizing</em> and the master is rarely called
the <em>patron</em>.</li>
<li>As there is one master, the algorithm is said to be <strong>centralized</strong>. Some well-known parallel algorithms
use this paradigm: <em>Google's MapReduce</em>, <em>Apache's Hadoop</em>(free implementation of Google's one :-)),...</li>
<li>A <strong>job</strong> is the parallel algorithm seen in its globality (i.e., as a function).</li>
<li>A job is a set of <strong>tasks</strong>, which are the atomic, decomposed part which can be serialized and
processed by a worker, at a time.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Evaluation (1/2)</h2>
<p>
Let's see how we could implement our parallelized evaluation<br/>
It's feasible as evaluating an individual is independant from evaluating another one.<br/>
<pre><code>
// On master side
function parallel_evaluate( population p )
foreach individual i in p,
send i to a worker
if there is no available worker,
wait for any response (return)
and retry
endif
endforeach
inform all the available workers that they are done (yes, it's a centralized algorithm)
wait for all remaining responses
endfunction
when receiving a response:
replace the evaluated individual in the population
// On worker side
function parallel_evaluate( evaluation function f )
wait for a individual i
apply f on it
send i to the master
endfunction
</code></pre>
</p>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Evaluation (2/2)</h2>
<p>But a parallelization algorithm is interesting only if the process time is higher than the
communication time. If process time is too short relatively to the communication time, we can do the following:
<pre><code>
// On master side<span class="changed">
function parallel_evaluate( population p, number of elements to send each time packet_size )
index = 0
while index &lt; size
sentSize := how many individuals (&lt;= packet_size) can we send to a worker?
find a worker. If there is no one, wait for any response (return) and retry
send the sentSize to the worker
send the individuals to the worker
index += sentSize
endwhile</span>
inform all the available workers that they're done
wait for all remaining responses
endfunction
when receiving a response:
replace the evaluated individuals in the population
// On worker side
function parallel_evaluate( evaluation function f )
<span class="changed">size := wait for a sentSize as described above
individuals := wait for size individuals
apply f on each of them
send back the individuals</span>
endfunction
</code></pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Multi start</h2>
<p>The idea behing multi-start is to run many times the same algorithm (for instance, eoEasyEA), but with different
seeds: the workers launch the algorithm and send their solutions as they come to the master, which saves the
ultimate best solution.</p>
<pre>
// On master side
variable best_score (initialized at the worst value ever) // score can be fitness, for instance
function parallel_multistart( integer runs )
seeds = table of generated seeds, or fixed seeds, whose size is at least "runs"
for i := 0; i &lt; runs; ++i
find a worker. If there is no one, wait for any response (return) and retry
send to the worker a different seed
endfor
inform all the available workers that they're done
wait for all remaining responses
endfunction
when receiving a response:
received_score := receive score from the worker.
If the received_score &gt; best_score
send worker a message indicating that master is interested by the solution
receive the solution
updates the best_score
else
send worker a message indicating that master isn't interested by the solution
endif
// On worker side
function parallel_multistart( algorithm eoAlgo )
seed := wait for a seed
solution := eoAlgo( seed )
send solution score to master
master_is_interested := wait for the response
if master_is_interested
send solution to master
endif
endfunction
</pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Common parts vs specific parts</h2>
<ul>
<li>These two algorithms have common parts and specific parts.</li>
<li>Identifying them allows to design generic parallel algorithms.</li>
<li>In the following code sample, specific parts are in red. Everything else is hence generic.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>
// On master side
function parallel_evaluate(<span class="specific">population p, number of elements to send each time packet_size </span>)
<span class="specific">index = 0</span>
while <span class="specific">index &lt; size</span>
find a worker. If there is no one, wait for any response (return) and retry
<span class="specific">sentSize := how many individuals (&lt;= packet_size) can we send to a worker?
send the sentSize to the worker
send the individuals to the worker
index += sentSize</span>
endwhile</span>
inform all the available workers that they're done
wait for all remaining responses
endfunction
when receiving a response:
<span class="specific">replace the evaluated individuals in the population</span>
// On worker side
function parallel_evaluate(<span class="specific"> evaluation function f </span>)
<span class="specific">size := wait for a sentSize as described above
individuals := wait for size individuals
apply f on each of them
send back the individuals</span>
endfunction
</code></pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Common parts</h2>
<ul>
<li>Master runs a loop.</li>
<li>Master has to manage workers (find them, wait for them, etc...)</li>
<li>Workers need to be informed if they have something to do or not (stop condition in master part)</li>
<li>Master needs to wait to get all the responses.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Specific parts</h2>
<ul>
<li>Loop condition in the master's part.</li>
<li>What has to be sent to a worker by master?</li>
<li>What has to be done by a worker when it receives an order?</li>
<li>What has to be done when the master receives a response?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Generic parallel algorithm</h2>
<p>The calls to specific parts are in red.</p>
<pre><code>
// Master side
function parallel_algorithm()
while ! <span class="specific">isFinished()</span>
worker := none
while worker is none
wait for a response and affect worker the origin of the response
<span class="specific">handleResponse( worker )</span>
worker = retrieve worker
endwhile
send worker a work order
<span class="specific">sendTask( worker )</span>
endwhile
foreach available worker
indicate worker it's done (send them a termination order)
endforeach
while all responses haven't be received
worker := none
wait for a response and affect worker the origin of the response
<span class="specific">handleResponse( worker )</span>
send worker a termination order
endwhile
endfunction
// Worker side
function parallel_algorithm()
order := receive order
while order is not termination order
<span class="specific">processTask( )</span>
order = receive order
endwhile
endfunction
</code></pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>TLDR;</h2>
<img src="./img/generic_parallel.png" style="height:800px;"/>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Functors</h2>
<ul>
<li>Using functors allows them to wrap <em>and</em> be wrapped (decorator pattern).</li>
<li>IsFinished : implements <em>bool operator()()</em>, indicating that the job is over.</li>
<li>SendTask : implements <em>void operator()( int worker_rank )</em>, indicating what to send to the
worker.</li>
<li>ProcessTask : implements <em>void operator()()</em>, indicating what the worker has to do when it receives a
task.</li>
<li>HandleResponse : implements <em>void operator()( int worker_rank )</em>, indicating what to do when
receiving a worker response.</li>
<li>Implementing these 4 functors is sufficient for a parallel algorithm!</li>
<li>You can also wrap the existing one to add functionalities.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Stores</h2>
<ul>
<li>These 4 functors can use about the same data.</li>
<li>This data needs to be shared : all the functors are templated on a JobData structure.</li>
<li>A job needs data and functors to be launched.</li>
<li>Several jobs can use the same data and functors.</li>
<li>=> Data and functors are saved into a store, which can be reused between different jobs.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Scheduling tasks between workers</h2>
<ul>
<li>Until here, we don't know how to schedule tasks between workers.</li>
<li>Naive, simple solution: as soon as a worker has finished a task, give it a new task. Workers are put in a
queue, this is the <strong>dynamic assignment</strong> (scheduling).</li>
<li>If the worker's number of call is well-known, initially give to each worker a fixed amount of tasks. When a
worker has finished a task, give it another task only if it the amount of remaining tasks is positive ; else,
wait for another worker. Workers are managed with a fixed table, this is the <strong>static
assignment</strong>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Let's go back to evaluation in EO</h2>
<ul>
<li>The idea behind applying a functor to each element of a table is very generic. Google, Python and Javascript
call it <strong>map</strong>, we call it <strong>ParallelApply</strong>, according to existing
<strong>apply</strong> function, in apply.h.</li>
<li>There is also a <em>ParallelApplyJob</em>, a <em>ParallelApplyStore</em> which contains a
<em>ParallelApplyData</em>, a <em>IsFinishedParallelApply</em>, etc...</li>
<li>This is what is used when calling parallel evaluation.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Customizing evaluation: reminder</h2>
<pre class="sh_cpp"><code>
int main( int argc, char **argv )
{
eo::mpi::Node::init( argc, argv );
// PUT EO STUFF HERE
// Let's make the assumption that pop is a eoPop&lt;EOT&gt;
// and evalFunc is an evaluation functor
eo::mpi::DynamicAssignmentAlgorithm assign;
eoParallelPopLoopEval&lt;EOT&gt; popEval( assign, eo::mpi::DEFAULT_MASTER, evalFunc );
// The store is hidden behind this call, but it can be given at eoParallelPopLoopEval constructor!
popEval( pop, pop );
}
</code></pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Customizing evaluation: the idea</h2>
<ul>
<li>We would like to retrieve best individuals, as soon as they're processed, and print their fitness in the
standard output, for instance.</li>
<li>We can wrap one of the 4 functors.</li>
<li>Master side or worker side?
<ul class="slide">
<li>Master side: we want to retrieve the <em>global</em> best individual, not the best individual in
population slices.</li>
<li>We have 3 choices: IsFinished, HandleResponse, SendTask.</li>
<li>So which one?
<ul class="slide">
<li>The functor HandleResponse should be reimplemented: in a sequential version, it would be done just
after the evaluation of an individual. The HandleResponse is the nearest functor called after having
received the result.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>How to do it?
<ol class="slide">
<li>Retrieve which slice has been processed by the worker.</li>
<li>Call the embedded HandleResponse.</li>
<li>Compare the fitnesses of individuals in the slice to the global best individual.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Customizing evaluation: implementation!</h2>
<pre class="sh_cpp"><code>
// Our objective is to minimize fitness, for instance
struct CatBestAnswers : public eo::mpi::HandleResponseParallelApply&lt;EOT&gt;
{
CatBestAnswers()
{
best.fitness( 1000000000. );
}
void operator()(int wrkRank)
{
// Retrieve informations about the slice processed by the worker
int index = _data->assignedTasks[wrkRank].index;
int size = _data->assignedTasks[wrkRank].size;
// call to the wrapped function HERE
(*_wrapped)( wrkRank );
// Compare fitnesses of evaluated individuals with the best saved
for(int i = index; i &lt; index+size; ++i)
{
if( best.fitness() &lt; _data->table()[ i ].fitness() )
{
eo::log &lt;&lt; eo::quiet &lt;&lt; "Better solution found:" &lt;&lt; _data->table()[i].fitness() &lt;&lt; std::endl;
best = _data->table()[ i ];
}
}
}
protected:
EOT best;
};
</code></pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Using customized handler</h2>
<pre class="sh_cpp"><code>
int main( int argc, char **argv )
{
eo::mpi::Node::init( argc, argv );
// PUT EO STUFF HERE
// Let's make the assumption that pop is a eoPop&lt;EOT&gt;
// and evalFunc is an evaluation functor
eo::mpi::DynamicAssignmentAlgorithm assign;
// What was used before
// eoParallelPopLoopEval&lt;EOT&gt; popEval( assign, eo::mpi::DEFAULT_MASTER, evalFunc );
// What's new
eo::mpi::ParallelApplyStore&lt; EOT &gt; store( evalFunc, eo::mpi::DEFAULT_MASTER );
CatBestAnswer catBestAnswers;
store.wrapHandleResponse( &catBestAnswers );
eoParallelPopLoopEval&lt; EOT &gt; popEval( assign, eo::mpi::DEFAULT_MASTER, &store );
// What doesn't change
popEval( pop, pop );
}
</code></pre>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h1>Thank you for your attention</h1>
</section>
<section class="slide">
<h2>Remarks</h2>
<ul>
<li>This presentation is made of HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, thanks to frameworks
<a href="http://imakewebthings.com/deck.js/">Deck.js</a> (slides) and <a href="http://shjs.sourceforge.net/">SHJS</a> (syntax
highlighting).
<li>If you have any complaint to make, please refer to <a href="mailto:johann@dreo.fr">Johann Dreo</a>.</li>
<li>If you have any question or compliment, please refer to <a href="mailto:benjamin.bouvier@gmail.com">me</a>
(Benjamin Bouvier).</li>
</ul>
</section>
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/*!
Deck JS - deck.core
Copyright (c) 2011 Caleb Troughton
Dual licensed under the MIT license and GPL license.
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/MIT-license.txt
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/GPL-license.txt
*/
/*
The deck.core module provides all the basic functionality for creating and
moving through a deck. It does so by applying classes to indicate the state of
the deck and its slides, allowing CSS to take care of the visual representation
of each state. It also provides methods for navigating the deck and inspecting
its state, as well as basic key bindings for going to the next and previous
slides. More functionality is provided by wholly separate extension modules
that use the API provided by core.
*/
(function($, deck, document, undefined) {
var slides, // Array of all the uh, slides...
current, // Array index of the current slide
$container, // Keeping this cached
events = {
/*
This event fires whenever the current slide changes, whether by way of
next, prev, or go. The callback function is passed two parameters, from
and to, equal to the indices of the old slide and the new slide
respectively. If preventDefault is called on the event within this handler
the slide change does not occur.
$(document).bind('deck.change', function(event, from, to) {
alert('Moving from slide ' + from + ' to ' + to);
});
*/
change: 'deck.change',
/*
This event fires at the beginning of deck initialization, after the options
are set but before the slides array is created. This event makes a good hook
for preprocessing extensions looking to modify the deck.
*/
beforeInitialize: 'deck.beforeInit',
/*
This event fires at the end of deck initialization. Extensions should
implement any code that relies on user extensible options (key bindings,
element selectors, classes) within a handler for this event. Native
events associated with Deck JS should be scoped under a .deck event
namespace, as with the example below:
var $d = $(document);
$.deck.defaults.keys.myExtensionKeycode = 70; // 'h'
$d.bind('deck.init', function() {
$d.bind('keydown.deck', function(event) {
if (event.which === $.deck.getOptions().keys.myExtensionKeycode) {
// Rock out
}
});
});
*/
initialize: 'deck.init'
},
options = {},
$d = $(document),
/*
Internal function. Updates slide and container classes based on which
slide is the current slide.
*/
updateStates = function() {
var oc = options.classes,
osc = options.selectors.container,
old = $container.data('onSlide'),
$all = $();
// Container state
$container.removeClass(oc.onPrefix + old)
.addClass(oc.onPrefix + current)
.data('onSlide', current);
// Remove and re-add child-current classes for nesting
$('.' + oc.current).parentsUntil(osc).removeClass(oc.childCurrent);
slides[current].parentsUntil(osc).addClass(oc.childCurrent);
// Remove previous states
$.each(slides, function(i, el) {
$all = $all.add(el);
});
$all.removeClass([
oc.before,
oc.previous,
oc.current,
oc.next,
oc.after
].join(" "));
// Add new states back in
slides[current].addClass(oc.current);
if (current > 0) {
slides[current-1].addClass(oc.previous);
}
if (current + 1 < slides.length) {
slides[current+1].addClass(oc.next);
}
if (current > 1) {
$.each(slides.slice(0, current - 1), function(i, el) {
el.addClass(oc.before);
});
}
if (current + 2 < slides.length) {
$.each(slides.slice(current+2), function(i, el) {
el.addClass(oc.after);
});
}
},
/* Methods exposed in the jQuery.deck namespace */
methods = {
/*
jQuery.deck(selector, options)
selector: string | jQuery | array
options: object, optional
Initializes the deck, using each element matched by selector as a slide.
May also be passed an array of string selectors or jQuery objects, in
which case each selector in the array is considered a slide. The second
parameter is an optional options object which will extend the default
values.
$.deck('.slide');
or
$.deck([
'#first-slide',
'#second-slide',
'#etc'
]);
*/
init: function(elements, opts) {
var startTouch,
tolerance,
esp = function(e) {
e.stopPropagation();
};
options = $.extend(true, {}, $[deck].defaults, opts);
slides = [];
current = 0;
$container = $(options.selectors.container);
tolerance = options.touch.swipeTolerance;
// Pre init event for preprocessing hooks
$d.trigger(events.beforeInitialize);
// Hide the deck while states are being applied to kill transitions
$container.addClass(options.classes.loading);
// Fill slides array depending on parameter type
if ($.isArray(elements)) {
$.each(elements, function(i, e) {
slides.push($(e));
});
}
else {
$(elements).each(function(i, e) {
slides.push($(e));
});
}
/* Remove any previous bindings, and rebind key events */
$d.unbind('keydown.deck').bind('keydown.deck', function(e) {
if (e.which === options.keys.next || $.inArray(e.which, options.keys.next) > -1) {
methods.next();
e.preventDefault();
}
else if (e.which === options.keys.previous || $.inArray(e.which, options.keys.previous) > -1) {
methods.prev();
e.preventDefault();
}
});
/* Bind touch events for swiping between slides on touch devices */
$container.unbind('touchstart.deck').bind('touchstart.deck', function(e) {
if (!startTouch) {
startTouch = $.extend({}, e.originalEvent.targetTouches[0]);
}
})
.unbind('touchmove.deck').bind('touchmove.deck', function(e) {
$.each(e.originalEvent.changedTouches, function(i, t) {
if (startTouch && t.identifier === startTouch.identifier) {
if (t.screenX - startTouch.screenX > tolerance || t.screenY - startTouch.screenY > tolerance) {
$[deck]('prev');
startTouch = undefined;
}
else if (t.screenX - startTouch.screenX < -1 * tolerance || t.screenY - startTouch.screenY < -1 * tolerance) {
$[deck]('next');
startTouch = undefined;
}
return false;
}
});
e.preventDefault();
})
.unbind('touchend.deck').bind('touchend.deck', function(t) {
$.each(t.originalEvent.changedTouches, function(i, t) {
if (startTouch && t.identifier === startTouch.identifier) {
startTouch = undefined;
}
});
})
.scrollLeft(0).scrollTop(0)
/* Stop propagation of key events within editable elements of slides */
.undelegate('input, textarea, select, button, meter, progress, [contentEditable]', 'keydown', esp)
.delegate('input, textarea, select, button, meter, progress, [contentEditable]', 'keydown', esp);
/*
Kick iframe videos, which dont like to redraw w/ transforms.
Remove this if Webkit ever fixes it.
*/
$.each(slides, function(i, $el) {
$el.unbind('webkitTransitionEnd.deck').bind('webkitTransitionEnd.deck',
function(event) {
if ($el.hasClass($[deck]('getOptions').classes.current)) {
var embeds = $(this).find('iframe').css('opacity', 0);
window.setTimeout(function() {
embeds.css('opacity', 1);
}, 100);
}
});
});
if (slides.length) {
updateStates();
}
// Show deck again now that slides are in place
$container.removeClass(options.classes.loading);
$d.trigger(events.initialize);
},
/*
jQuery.deck('go', index)
index: integer | string
Moves to the slide at the specified index if index is a number. Index is
0-based, so $.deck('go', 0); will move to the first slide. If index is a
string this will move to the slide with the specified id. If index is out
of bounds or doesn't match a slide id the call is ignored.
*/
go: function(index) {
var e = $.Event(events.change),
ndx;
/* Number index, easy. */
if (typeof index === 'number' && index >= 0 && index < slides.length) {
ndx = index;
}
/* Id string index, search for it and set integer index */
else if (typeof index === 'string') {
$.each(slides, function(i, $slide) {
if ($slide.attr('id') === index) {
ndx = i;
return false;
}
});
};
/* Out of bounds, id doesn't exist, illegal input, eject */
if (typeof ndx === 'undefined') return;
$d.trigger(e, [current, ndx]);
if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) {
/* Trigger the event again and undo the damage done by extensions. */
$d.trigger(events.change, [ndx, current]);
}
else {
current = ndx;
updateStates();
}
},
/*
jQuery.deck('next')
Moves to the next slide. If the last slide is already active, the call
is ignored.
*/
next: function() {
methods.go(current+1);
},
/*
jQuery.deck('prev')
Moves to the previous slide. If the first slide is already active, the
call is ignored.
*/
prev: function() {
methods.go(current-1);
},
/*
jQuery.deck('getSlide', index)
index: integer, optional
Returns a jQuery object containing the slide at index. If index is not
specified, the current slide is returned.
*/
getSlide: function(index) {
var i = typeof index !== 'undefined' ? index : current;
if (typeof i != 'number' || i < 0 || i >= slides.length) return null;
return slides[i];
},
/*
jQuery.deck('getSlides')
Returns all slides as an array of jQuery objects.
*/
getSlides: function() {
return slides;
},
/*
jQuery.deck('getContainer')
Returns a jQuery object containing the deck container as defined by the
container option.
*/
getContainer: function() {
return $container;
},
/*
jQuery.deck('getOptions')
Returns the options object for the deck, including any overrides that
were defined at initialization.
*/
getOptions: function() {
return options;
},
/*
jQuery.deck('extend', name, method)
name: string
method: function
Adds method to the deck namespace with the key of name. This doesnt
give access to any private member data public methods must still be
used within method but lets extension authors piggyback on the deck
namespace rather than pollute jQuery.
$.deck('extend', 'alert', function(msg) {
alert(msg);
});
// Alerts 'boom'
$.deck('alert', 'boom');
*/
extend: function(name, method) {
methods[name] = method;
}
};
/* jQuery extension */
$[deck] = function(method, arg) {
if (methods[method]) {
return methods[method].apply(this, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1));
}
else {
return methods.init(method, arg);
}
};
/*
The default settings object for a deck. All deck extensions should extend
this object to add defaults for any of their options.
options.classes.after
This class is added to all slides that appear after the 'next' slide.
options.classes.before
This class is added to all slides that appear before the 'previous'
slide.
options.classes.childCurrent
This class is added to all elements in the DOM tree between the
'current' slide and the deck container. For standard slides, this is
mostly seen and used for nested slides.
options.classes.current
This class is added to the current slide.
options.classes.loading
This class is applied to the deck container during loading phases and is
primarily used as a way to short circuit transitions between states
where such transitions are distracting or unwanted. For example, this
class is applied during deck initialization and then removed to prevent
all the slides from appearing stacked and transitioning into place
on load.
options.classes.next
This class is added to the slide immediately following the 'current'
slide.
options.classes.onPrefix
This prefix, concatenated with the current slide index, is added to the
deck container as you change slides.
options.classes.previous
This class is added to the slide immediately preceding the 'current'
slide.
options.selectors.container
Elements matched by this CSS selector will be considered the deck
container. The deck container is used to scope certain states of the
deck, as with the onPrefix option, or with extensions such as deck.goto
and deck.menu.
options.keys.next
The numeric keycode used to go to the next slide.
options.keys.previous
The numeric keycode used to go to the previous slide.
options.touch.swipeTolerance
The number of pixels the users finger must travel to produce a swipe
gesture.
*/
$[deck].defaults = {
classes: {
after: 'deck-after',
before: 'deck-before',
childCurrent: 'deck-child-current',
current: 'deck-current',
loading: 'deck-loading',
next: 'deck-next',
onPrefix: 'on-slide-',
previous: 'deck-previous'
},
selectors: {
container: '.deck-container'
},
keys: {
// enter, space, page down, right arrow, down arrow,
next: [13, 32, 34, 39, 40],
// backspace, page up, left arrow, up arrow
previous: [8, 33, 37, 38]
},
touch: {
swipeTolerance: 60
}
};
$d.ready(function() {
$('html').addClass('ready');
});
/*
FF + Transforms + Flash video don't get along...
Firefox will reload and start playing certain videos after a
transform. Blanking the src when a previously shown slide goes out
of view prevents this.
*/
$d.bind('deck.change', function(e, from, to) {
var oldFrames = $[deck]('getSlide', from).find('iframe'),
newFrames = $[deck]('getSlide', to).find('iframe');
oldFrames.each(function() {
var $this = $(this),
curSrc = $this.attr('src');
if(curSrc) {
$this.data('deck-src', curSrc).attr('src', '');
}
});
newFrames.each(function() {
var $this = $(this),
originalSrc = $this.data('deck-src');
if (originalSrc) {
$this.attr('src', originalSrc);
}
});
});
})(jQuery, 'deck', document);

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/*!
Deck JS - deck.goto
Copyright (c) 2011 Caleb Troughton
Dual licensed under the MIT license and GPL license.
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/MIT-license.txt
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/GPL-license.txt
*/
/*
This module adds the necessary methods and key bindings to show and hide a form
for jumping to any slide number/id in the deck (and processes that form
accordingly). The form-showing state is indicated by the presence of a class on
the deck container.
*/
(function($, deck, undefined) {
var $d = $(document);
/*
Extends defaults/options.
options.classes.goto
This class is added to the deck container when showing the Go To Slide
form.
options.selectors.gotoDatalist
The element that matches this selector is the datalist element that will
be populated with options for each of the slide ids. In browsers that
support the datalist element, this provides a drop list of slide ids to
aid the user in selecting a slide.
options.selectors.gotoForm
The element that matches this selector is the form that is submitted
when a user hits enter after typing a slide number/id in the gotoInput
element.
options.selectors.gotoInput
The element that matches this selector is the text input field for
entering a slide number/id in the Go To Slide form.
options.keys.goto
The numeric keycode used to show the Go To Slide form.
options.countNested
If false, only top level slides will be counted when entering a
slide number.
*/
$.extend(true, $[deck].defaults, {
classes: {
goto: 'deck-goto'
},
selectors: {
gotoDatalist: '#goto-datalist',
gotoForm: '.goto-form',
gotoInput: '#goto-slide'
},
keys: {
goto: 71 // g
},
countNested: true
});
/*
jQuery.deck('showGoTo')
Shows the Go To Slide form by adding the class specified by the goto class
option to the deck container.
*/
$[deck]('extend', 'showGoTo', function() {
$[deck]('getContainer').addClass($[deck]('getOptions').classes.goto);
$($[deck]('getOptions').selectors.gotoInput).focus();
});
/*
jQuery.deck('hideGoTo')
Hides the Go To Slide form by removing the class specified by the goto class
option from the deck container.
*/
$[deck]('extend', 'hideGoTo', function() {
$($[deck]('getOptions').selectors.gotoInput).blur();
$[deck]('getContainer').removeClass($[deck]('getOptions').classes.goto);
});
/*
jQuery.deck('toggleGoTo')
Toggles between showing and hiding the Go To Slide form.
*/
$[deck]('extend', 'toggleGoTo', function() {
$[deck]($[deck]('getContainer').hasClass($[deck]('getOptions').classes.goto) ? 'hideGoTo' : 'showGoTo');
});
$d.bind('deck.init', function() {
var opts = $[deck]('getOptions'),
$datalist = $(opts.selectors.gotoDatalist),
slideTest = $.map([
opts.classes.before,
opts.classes.previous,
opts.classes.current,
opts.classes.next,
opts.classes.after
], function(el, i) {
return '.' + el;
}).join(', '),
rootCounter = 1;
// Bind key events
$d.unbind('keydown.deckgoto').bind('keydown.deckgoto', function(e) {
var key = $[deck]('getOptions').keys.goto;
if (e.which === key || $.inArray(e.which, key) > -1) {
e.preventDefault();
$[deck]('toggleGoTo');
}
});
/* Populate datalist and work out countNested*/
$.each($[deck]('getSlides'), function(i, $slide) {
var id = $slide.attr('id'),
$parentSlides = $slide.parentsUntil(opts.selectors.container, slideTest);
if (id) {
$datalist.append('<option value="' + id + '">');
}
if ($parentSlides.length) {
$slide.removeData('rootIndex');
}
else if (!opts.countNested) {
$slide.data('rootIndex', rootCounter);
++rootCounter;
}
});
// Process form submittal, go to the slide entered
$(opts.selectors.gotoForm)
.unbind('submit.deckgoto')
.bind('submit.deckgoto', function(e) {
var $field = $($[deck]('getOptions').selectors.gotoInput),
ndx = parseInt($field.val(), 10);
if (!$[deck]('getOptions').countNested) {
if (ndx >= rootCounter) return false;
$.each($[deck]('getSlides'), function(i, $slide) {
if ($slide.data('rootIndex') === ndx) {
ndx = i + 1;
return false;
}
});
}
$[deck]('go', isNaN(ndx) ? $field.val() : ndx - 1);
$[deck]('hideGoTo');
$field.val('');
e.preventDefault();
});
// Dont let keys in the input trigger deck actions
$(opts.selectors.gotoInput)
.unbind('keydown.deckgoto')
.bind('keydown.deckgoto', function(e) {
e.stopPropagation();
});
});
})(jQuery, 'deck');

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/*!
Deck JS - deck.hash
Copyright (c) 2011 Caleb Troughton
Dual licensed under the MIT license and GPL license.
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/MIT-license.txt
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/GPL-license.txt
*/
/*
This module adds deep linking to individual slides, enables internal links
to slides within decks, and updates the address bar with the hash as the user
moves through the deck. A permalink anchor is also updated. Standard themes
hide this link in browsers that support the History API, and show it for
those that do not. Slides that do not have an id are assigned one according to
the hashPrefix option. In addition to the on-slide container state class
kept by core, this module adds an on-slide state class that uses the id of each
slide.
*/
(function ($, deck, window, undefined) {
var $d = $(document),
$window = $(window),
/* Collection of internal fragment links in the deck */
$internals,
/*
Internal only function. Given a string, extracts the id from the hash,
matches it to the appropriate slide, and navigates there.
*/
goByHash = function(str) {
var id = str.substr(str.indexOf("#") + 1),
slides = $[deck]('getSlides');
$.each(slides, function(i, $el) {
if ($el.attr('id') === id) {
$[deck]('go', i);
return false;
}
});
// If we don't set these to 0 the container scrolls due to hashchange
$[deck]('getContainer').scrollLeft(0).scrollTop(0);
};
/*
Extends defaults/options.
options.selectors.hashLink
The element matching this selector has its href attribute updated to
the hash of the current slide as the user navigates through the deck.
options.hashPrefix
Every slide that does not have an id is assigned one at initialization.
Assigned ids take the form of hashPrefix + slideIndex, e.g., slide-0,
slide-12, etc.
options.preventFragmentScroll
When deep linking to a hash of a nested slide, this scrolls the deck
container to the top, undoing the natural browser behavior of scrolling
to the document fragment on load.
*/
$.extend(true, $[deck].defaults, {
selectors: {
hashLink: '.deck-permalink'
},
hashPrefix: 'slide-',
preventFragmentScroll: true
});
$d.bind('deck.init', function() {
var opts = $[deck]('getOptions');
$internals = $(),
slides = $[deck]('getSlides');
$.each(slides, function(i, $el) {
var hash;
/* Hand out ids to the unfortunate slides born without them */
if (!$el.attr('id') || $el.data('deckAssignedId') === $el.attr('id')) {
$el.attr('id', opts.hashPrefix + i);
$el.data('deckAssignedId', opts.hashPrefix + i);
}
hash ='#' + $el.attr('id');
/* Deep link to slides on init */
if (hash === window.location.hash) {
$[deck]('go', i);
}
/* Add internal links to this slide */
$internals = $internals.add('a[href="' + hash + '"]');
});
if (!Modernizr.hashchange) {
/* Set up internal links using click for the poor browsers
without a hashchange event. */
$internals.unbind('click.deckhash').bind('click.deckhash', function(e) {
goByHash($(this).attr('href'));
});
}
/* Set up first id container state class */
if (slides.length) {
$[deck]('getContainer').addClass(opts.classes.onPrefix + $[deck]('getSlide').attr('id'));
};
})
/* Update permalink, address bar, and state class on a slide change */
.bind('deck.change', function(e, from, to) {
var hash = '#' + $[deck]('getSlide', to).attr('id'),
opts = $[deck]('getOptions'),
osp = opts.classes.onPrefix,
$c = $[deck]('getContainer');
$c.removeClass(osp + $[deck]('getSlide', from).attr('id'));
$c.addClass(osp + $[deck]('getSlide', to).attr('id'));
$(opts.selectors.hashLink).attr('href', hash);
if (Modernizr.history) {
window.history.replaceState({}, "", hash);
}
});
/* Deals with internal links in modern browsers */
$window.bind('hashchange.deckhash', function(e) {
if (e.originalEvent && e.originalEvent.newURL) {
goByHash(e.originalEvent.newURL);
}
else {
goByHash(window.location.hash);
}
})
/* Prevent scrolling on deep links */
.bind('load', function() {
if ($[deck]('getOptions').preventFragmentScroll) {
$[deck]('getContainer').scrollLeft(0).scrollTop(0);
}
});
})(jQuery, 'deck', this);

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/*!
Deck JS - deck.menu
Copyright (c) 2011 Caleb Troughton
Dual licensed under the MIT license and GPL license.
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/MIT-license.txt
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/GPL-license.txt
*/
/*
This module adds the methods and key binding to show and hide a menu of all
slides in the deck. The deck menu state is indicated by the presence of a class
on the deck container.
*/
(function($, deck, undefined) {
var $d = $(document),
rootSlides; // Array of top level slides
/*
Extends defaults/options.
options.classes.menu
This class is added to the deck container when showing the slide menu.
options.keys.menu
The numeric keycode used to toggle between showing and hiding the slide
menu.
options.touch.doubletapWindow
Two consecutive touch events within this number of milliseconds will
be considered a double tap, and will toggle the menu on touch devices.
*/
$.extend(true, $[deck].defaults, {
classes: {
menu: 'deck-menu'
},
keys: {
menu: 77 // m
},
touch: {
doubletapWindow: 400
}
});
/*
jQuery.deck('showMenu')
Shows the slide menu by adding the class specified by the menu class option
to the deck container.
*/
$[deck]('extend', 'showMenu', function() {
var $c = $[deck]('getContainer'),
opts = $[deck]('getOptions');
if ($c.hasClass(opts.classes.menu)) return;
// Hide through loading class to short-circuit transitions (perf)
$c.addClass([opts.classes.loading, opts.classes.menu].join(' '));
/* Forced to do this in JS until CSS learns second-grade math. Save old
style value for restoration when menu is hidden. */
if (Modernizr.csstransforms) {
$.each(rootSlides, function(i, $slide) {
$slide.data('oldStyle', $slide.attr('style'));
$slide.css({
'position': 'absolute',
'left': ((i % 4) * 25) + '%',
'top': (Math.floor(i / 4) * 25) + '%'
});
});
}
// Need to ensure the loading class renders first, then remove
window.setTimeout(function() {
$c.removeClass(opts.classes.loading)
.scrollTop($[deck]('getSlide').offset().top);
}, 0);
});
/*
jQuery.deck('hideMenu')
Hides the slide menu by removing the class specified by the menu class
option from the deck container.
*/
$[deck]('extend', 'hideMenu', function() {
var $c = $[deck]('getContainer'),
opts = $[deck]('getOptions');
if (!$c.hasClass(opts.classes.menu)) return;
$c.removeClass(opts.classes.menu);
$c.addClass(opts.classes.loading);
/* Restore old style value */
if (Modernizr.csstransforms) {
$.each(rootSlides, function(i, $slide) {
var oldStyle = $slide.data('oldStyle');
$slide.attr('style', oldStyle ? oldStyle : '');
});
}
window.setTimeout(function() {
$c.removeClass(opts.classes.loading).scrollTop(0);
}, 0);
});
/*
jQuery.deck('toggleMenu')
Toggles between showing and hiding the slide menu.
*/
$[deck]('extend', 'toggleMenu', function() {
$[deck]('getContainer').hasClass($[deck]('getOptions').classes.menu) ?
$[deck]('hideMenu') : $[deck]('showMenu');
});
$d.bind('deck.init', function() {
var opts = $[deck]('getOptions'),
touchEndTime = 0,
currentSlide,
slideTest = $.map([
opts.classes.before,
opts.classes.previous,
opts.classes.current,
opts.classes.next,
opts.classes.after
], function(el, i) {
return '.' + el;
}).join(', ');
// Build top level slides array
rootSlides = [];
$.each($[deck]('getSlides'), function(i, $el) {
if (!$el.parentsUntil(opts.selectors.container, slideTest).length) {
rootSlides.push($el);
}
});
// Bind key events
$d.unbind('keydown.deckmenu').bind('keydown.deckmenu', function(e) {
if (e.which === opts.keys.menu || $.inArray(e.which, opts.keys.menu) > -1) {
$[deck]('toggleMenu');
e.preventDefault();
}
});
// Double tap to toggle slide menu for touch devices
$[deck]('getContainer').unbind('touchstart.deckmenu').bind('touchstart.deckmenu', function(e) {
currentSlide = $[deck]('getSlide');
})
.unbind('touchend.deckmenu').bind('touchend.deckmenu', function(e) {
var now = Date.now();
// Ignore this touch event if it caused a nav change (swipe)
if (currentSlide !== $[deck]('getSlide')) return;
if (now - touchEndTime < opts.touch.doubletapWindow) {
$[deck]('toggleMenu');
e.preventDefault();
}
touchEndTime = now;
});
// Selecting slides from the menu
$.each($[deck]('getSlides'), function(i, $s) {
$s.unbind('click.deckmenu').bind('click.deckmenu', function(e) {
if (!$[deck]('getContainer').hasClass(opts.classes.menu)) return;
$[deck]('go', i);
$[deck]('hideMenu');
e.stopPropagation();
e.preventDefault();
});
});
})
.bind('deck.change', function(e, from, to) {
var container = $[deck]('getContainer');
if (container.hasClass($[deck]('getOptions').classes.menu)) {
container.scrollTop($[deck]('getSlide', to).offset().top);
}
});
})(jQuery, 'deck');

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/*!
Deck JS - deck.navigation
Copyright (c) 2011 Caleb Troughton
Dual licensed under the MIT license and GPL license.
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/MIT-license.txt
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/GPL-license.txt
*/
/*
This module adds clickable previous and next links to the deck.
*/
(function($, deck, undefined) {
var $d = $(document),
/* Updates link hrefs, and disabled states if last/first slide */
updateButtons = function(e, from, to) {
var opts = $[deck]('getOptions'),
last = $[deck]('getSlides').length - 1,
prevSlide = $[deck]('getSlide', to - 1),
nextSlide = $[deck]('getSlide', to + 1),
prevId = prevSlide ? prevSlide.attr('id') : undefined;
nextId = nextSlide ? nextSlide.attr('id') : undefined;
$(opts.selectors.previousLink)
.toggleClass(opts.classes.navDisabled, !to)
.attr('href', '#' + (prevId ? prevId : ''));
$(opts.selectors.nextLink)
.toggleClass(opts.classes.navDisabled, to === last)
.attr('href', '#' + (nextId ? nextId : ''));
};
/*
Extends defaults/options.
options.classes.navDisabled
This class is added to a navigation link when that action is disabled.
It is added to the previous link when on the first slide, and to the
next link when on the last slide.
options.selectors.nextLink
The elements that match this selector will move the deck to the next
slide when clicked.
options.selectors.previousLink
The elements that match this selector will move to deck to the previous
slide when clicked.
*/
$.extend(true, $[deck].defaults, {
classes: {
navDisabled: 'deck-nav-disabled'
},
selectors: {
nextLink: '.deck-next-link',
previousLink: '.deck-prev-link'
}
});
$d.bind('deck.init', function() {
var opts = $[deck]('getOptions'),
slides = $[deck]('getSlides'),
$current = $[deck]('getSlide'),
ndx;
// Setup prev/next link events
$(opts.selectors.previousLink)
.unbind('click.decknavigation')
.bind('click.decknavigation', function(e) {
$[deck]('prev');
e.preventDefault();
});
$(opts.selectors.nextLink)
.unbind('click.decknavigation')
.bind('click.decknavigation', function(e) {
$[deck]('next');
e.preventDefault();
});
// Find where we started in the deck and set initial states
$.each(slides, function(i, $slide) {
if ($slide === $current) {
ndx = i;
return false;
}
});
updateButtons(null, ndx, ndx);
})
.bind('deck.change', updateButtons);
})(jQuery, 'deck');

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/*!
Deck JS - deck.scale
Copyright (c) 2011-2012 Caleb Troughton
Dual licensed under the MIT license and GPL license.
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/MIT-license.txt
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/GPL-license.txt
*/
/*
This module adds automatic scaling to the deck. Slides are scaled down
using CSS transforms to fit within the deck container. If the container is
big enough to hold the slides without scaling, no scaling occurs. The user
can disable and enable scaling with a keyboard shortcut.
Note: CSS transforms may make Flash videos render incorrectly. Presenters
that need to use video may want to disable scaling to play them. HTML5 video
works fine.
*/
(function($, deck, window, undefined) {
var $d = $(document),
$w = $(window),
baseHeight, // Value to scale against
timer, // Timeout id for debouncing
rootSlides,
/*
Internal function to do all the dirty work of scaling the slides.
*/
scaleDeck = function() {
var opts = $[deck]('getOptions'),
obh = opts.baseHeight,
$container = $[deck]('getContainer'),
baseHeight = obh ? obh : $container.height();
// Scale each slide down if necessary (but don't scale up)
$.each(rootSlides, function(i, $slide) {
var slideHeight = $slide.innerHeight(),
$scaler = $slide.find('.' + opts.classes.scaleSlideWrapper),
scale = $container.hasClass(opts.classes.scale) ?
baseHeight / slideHeight :
1;
$.each('Webkit Moz O ms Khtml'.split(' '), function(i, prefix) {
if (scale === 1) {
$scaler.css(prefix + 'Transform', '');
}
else {
$scaler.css(prefix + 'Transform', 'scale(' + scale + ')');
}
});
});
}
/*
Extends defaults/options.
options.classes.scale
This class is added to the deck container when scaling is enabled.
It is enabled by default when the module is included.
options.classes.scaleSlideWrapper
Scaling is done using a wrapper around the contents of each slide. This
class is applied to that wrapper.
options.keys.scale
The numeric keycode used to toggle enabling and disabling scaling.
options.baseHeight
When baseHeight is falsy, as it is by default, the deck is scaled in
proportion to the height of the deck container. You may instead specify
a height as a number of px, and slides will be scaled against this
height regardless of the container size.
options.scaleDebounce
Scaling on the browser resize event is debounced. This number is the
threshold in milliseconds. You can learn more about debouncing here:
http://unscriptable.com/index.php/2009/03/20/debouncing-javascript-methods/
*/
$.extend(true, $[deck].defaults, {
classes: {
scale: 'deck-scale',
scaleSlideWrapper: 'deck-slide-scaler'
},
keys: {
scale: 83 // s
},
baseHeight: null,
scaleDebounce: 200
});
/*
jQuery.deck('disableScale')
Disables scaling and removes the scale class from the deck container.
*/
$[deck]('extend', 'disableScale', function() {
$[deck]('getContainer').removeClass($[deck]('getOptions').classes.scale);
scaleDeck();
});
/*
jQuery.deck('enableScale')
Enables scaling and adds the scale class to the deck container.
*/
$[deck]('extend', 'enableScale', function() {
$[deck]('getContainer').addClass($[deck]('getOptions').classes.scale);
scaleDeck();
});
/*
jQuery.deck('toggleScale')
Toggles between enabling and disabling scaling.
*/
$[deck]('extend', 'toggleScale', function() {
var $c = $[deck]('getContainer');
$[deck]($c.hasClass($[deck]('getOptions').classes.scale) ?
'disableScale' : 'enableScale');
});
$d.bind('deck.init', function() {
var opts = $[deck]('getOptions'),
slideTest = $.map([
opts.classes.before,
opts.classes.previous,
opts.classes.current,
opts.classes.next,
opts.classes.after
], function(el, i) {
return '.' + el;
}).join(', ');
// Build top level slides array
rootSlides = [];
$.each($[deck]('getSlides'), function(i, $el) {
if (!$el.parentsUntil(opts.selectors.container, slideTest).length) {
rootSlides.push($el);
}
});
// Use a wrapper on each slide to handle content scaling
$.each(rootSlides, function(i, $slide) {
$slide.children().wrapAll('<div class="' + opts.classes.scaleSlideWrapper + '"/>');
});
// Debounce the resize scaling
$w.unbind('resize.deckscale').bind('resize.deckscale', function() {
window.clearTimeout(timer);
timer = window.setTimeout(scaleDeck, opts.scaleDebounce);
})
// Scale once on load, in case images or something change layout
.unbind('load.deckscale').bind('load.deckscale', scaleDeck);
// Bind key events
$d.unbind('keydown.deckscale').bind('keydown.deckscale', function(e) {
if (e.which === opts.keys.scale || $.inArray(e.which, opts.keys.scale) > -1) {
$[deck]('toggleScale');
e.preventDefault();
}
});
// Enable scale on init
$[deck]('enableScale');
});
})(jQuery, 'deck', this);

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/*!
Deck JS - deck.status
Copyright (c) 2011 Caleb Troughton
Dual licensed under the MIT license and GPL license.
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/MIT-license.txt
https://github.com/imakewebthings/deck.js/blob/master/GPL-license.txt
*/
/*
This module adds a (current)/(total) style status indicator to the deck.
*/
(function($, deck, undefined) {
var $d = $(document),
updateCurrent = function(e, from, to) {
var opts = $[deck]('getOptions');
$(opts.selectors.statusCurrent).text(opts.countNested ?
to + 1 :
$[deck]('getSlide', to).data('rootSlide')
);
};
/*
Extends defaults/options.
options.selectors.statusCurrent
The element matching this selector displays the current slide number.
options.selectors.statusTotal
The element matching this selector displays the total number of slides.
options.countNested
If false, only top level slides will be counted in the current and
total numbers.
*/
$.extend(true, $[deck].defaults, {
selectors: {
statusCurrent: '.deck-status-current',
statusTotal: '.deck-status-total'
},
countNested: true
});
$d.bind('deck.init', function() {
var opts = $[deck]('getOptions'),
slides = $[deck]('getSlides'),
$current = $[deck]('getSlide'),
ndx;
// Set total slides once
if (opts.countNested) {
$(opts.selectors.statusTotal).text(slides.length);
}
else {
/* Determine root slides by checking each slide's ancestor tree for
any of the slide classes. */
var rootIndex = 1,
slideTest = $.map([
opts.classes.before,
opts.classes.previous,
opts.classes.current,
opts.classes.next,
opts.classes.after
], function(el, i) {
return '.' + el;
}).join(', ');
/* Store the 'real' root slide number for use during slide changes. */
$.each(slides, function(i, $el) {
var $parentSlides = $el.parentsUntil(opts.selectors.container, slideTest);
$el.data('rootSlide', $parentSlides.length ?
$parentSlides.last().data('rootSlide') :
rootIndex++
);
});
$(opts.selectors.statusTotal).text(rootIndex - 1);
}
// Find where we started in the deck and set initial state
$.each(slides, function(i, $el) {
if ($el === $current) {
ndx = i;
return false;
}
});
updateCurrent(null, ndx, ndx);
})
/* Update current slide number with each change event */
.bind('deck.change', updateCurrent);
})(jQuery, 'deck');

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if(!this.sh_languages){this.sh_languages={}}sh_languages.cpp=[[[/(\b(?:class|struct|typename))([ \t]+)([A-Za-z0-9_]+)/g,["sh_keyword","sh_normal","sh_classname"],-1],[/\b(?:class|const_cast|delete|dynamic_cast|explicit|false|friend|inline|mutable|namespace|new|operator|private|protected|public|reinterpret_cast|static_cast|template|this|throw|true|try|typeid|typename|using|virtual)\b/g,"sh_keyword",-1],[/\/\/\//g,"sh_comment",1],[/\/\//g,"sh_comment",7],[/\/\*\*/g,"sh_comment",8],[/\/\*/g,"sh_comment",9],[/(\bstruct)([ \t]+)([A-Za-z0-9_]+)/g,["sh_keyword","sh_normal","sh_classname"],-1],[/^[ \t]*#(?:[ \t]*include)/g,"sh_preproc",10,1],[/^[ \t]*#(?:[ \t]*[A-Za-z0-9_]*)/g,"sh_preproc",-1],[/\b[+-]?(?:(?:0x[A-Fa-f0-9]+)|(?:(?:[\d]*\.)?[\d]+(?:[eE][+-]?[\d]+)?))u?(?:(?:int(?:8|16|32|64))|L)?\b/g,"sh_number",-1],[/"/g,"sh_string",13],[/'/g,"sh_string",14],[/\b(?:__asm|__cdecl|__declspec|__export|__far16|__fastcall|__fortran|__import|__pascal|__rtti|__stdcall|_asm|_cdecl|__except|_export|_far16|_fastcall|__finally|_fortran|_import|_pascal|_stdcall|__thread|__try|asm|auto|break|case|catch|cdecl|const|continue|default|do|else|enum|extern|for|goto|if|pascal|register|return|sizeof|static|struct|switch|typedef|union|volatile|while)\b/g,"sh_keyword",-1],[/\b(?:bool|char|double|float|int|long|short|signed|unsigned|void|wchar_t)\b/g,"sh_type",-1],[/~|!|%|\^|\*|\(|\)|-|\+|=|\[|\]|\\|:|;|,|\.|\/|\?|&|<|>|\|/g,"sh_symbol",-1],[/\{|\}/g,"sh_cbracket",-1],[/(?:[A-Za-z]|_)[A-Za-z0-9_]*(?=[ \t]*\()/g,"sh_function",-1],[/([A-Za-z](?:[^`~!@#$%&*()_=+{}|;:",<.>\/?'\\[\]\^\-\s]|[_])*)((?:<.*>)?)(\s+(?=[*&]*[A-Za-z][^`~!@#$%&*()_=+{}|;:",<.>\/?'\\[\]\^\-\s]*\s*[`~!@#$%&*()_=+{}|;:",<.>\/?'\\[\]\^\-\[\]]+))/g,["sh_usertype","sh_usertype","sh_normal"],-1]],[[/$/g,null,-2],[/(?:<?)[A-Za-z0-9_\.\/\-_~]+@[A-Za-z0-9_\.\/\-_~]+(?:>?)|(?:<?)[A-Za-z0-9_]+:\/\/[A-Za-z0-9_\.\/\-_~]+(?:>?)/g,"sh_url",-1],[/<\?xml/g,"sh_preproc",2,1],[/<!DOCTYPE/g,"sh_preproc",4,1],[/<!--/g,"sh_comment",5],[/<(?:\/)?[A-Za-z](?:[A-Za-z0-9_:.-]*)(?:\/)?>/g,"sh_keyword",-1],[/<(?:\/)?[A-Za-z](?:[A-Za-z0-9_:.-]*)/g,"sh_keyword",6,1],[/&(?:[A-Za-z0-9]+);/g,"sh_preproc",-1],[/<(?:\/)?[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*(?:\/)?>/g,"sh_keyword",-1],[/<(?:\/)?[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*/g,"sh_keyword",6,1],[/@[A-Za-z]+/g,"sh_type",-1],[/(?:TODO|FIXME|BUG)(?:[:]?)/g,"sh_todo",-1]],[[/\?>/g,"sh_preproc",-2],[/([^=" \t>]+)([ \t]*)(=?)/g,["sh_type","sh_normal","sh_symbol"],-1],[/"/g,"sh_string",3]],[[/\\(?:\\|")/g,null,-1],[/"/g,"sh_string",-2]],[[/>/g,"sh_preproc",-2],[/([^=" \t>]+)([ \t]*)(=?)/g,["sh_type","sh_normal","sh_symbol"],-1],[/"/g,"sh_string",3]],[[/-->/g,"sh_comment",-2],[/<!--/g,"sh_comment",5]],[[/(?:\/)?>/g,"sh_keyword",-2],[/([^=" \t>]+)([ \t]*)(=?)/g,["sh_type","sh_normal","sh_symbol"],-1],[/"/g,"sh_string",3]],[[/$/g,null,-2]],[[/\*\//g,"sh_comment",-2],[/(?:<?)[A-Za-z0-9_\.\/\-_~]+@[A-Za-z0-9_\.\/\-_~]+(?:>?)|(?:<?)[A-Za-z0-9_]+:\/\/[A-Za-z0-9_\.\/\-_~]+(?:>?)/g,"sh_url",-1],[/<\?xml/g,"sh_preproc",2,1],[/<!DOCTYPE/g,"sh_preproc",4,1],[/<!--/g,"sh_comment",5],[/<(?:\/)?[A-Za-z](?:[A-Za-z0-9_:.-]*)(?:\/)?>/g,"sh_keyword",-1],[/<(?:\/)?[A-Za-z](?:[A-Za-z0-9_:.-]*)/g,"sh_keyword",6,1],[/&(?:[A-Za-z0-9]+);/g,"sh_preproc",-1],[/<(?:\/)?[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*(?:\/)?>/g,"sh_keyword",-1],[/<(?:\/)?[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]*/g,"sh_keyword",6,1],[/@[A-Za-z]+/g,"sh_type",-1],[/(?:TODO|FIXME|BUG)(?:[:]?)/g,"sh_todo",-1]],[[/\*\//g,"sh_comment",-2],[/(?:<?)[A-Za-z0-9_\.\/\-_~]+@[A-Za-z0-9_\.\/\-_~]+(?:>?)|(?:<?)[A-Za-z0-9_]+:\/\/[A-Za-z0-9_\.\/\-_~]+(?:>?)/g,"sh_url",-1],[/(?:TODO|FIXME|BUG)(?:[:]?)/g,"sh_todo",-1]],[[/$/g,null,-2],[/</g,"sh_string",11],[/"/g,"sh_string",12],[/\/\/\//g,"sh_comment",1],[/\/\//g,"sh_comment",7],[/\/\*\*/g,"sh_comment",8],[/\/\*/g,"sh_comment",9]],[[/$/g,null,-2],[/>/g,"sh_string",-2]],[[/$/g,null,-2],[/\\(?:\\|")/g,null,-1],[/"/g,"sh_string",-2]],[[/"/g,"sh_string",-2],[/\\./g,"sh_specialchar",-1]],[[/'/g,"sh_string",-2],[/\\./g,"sh_specialchar",-1]]];

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# include <mpi.h>
# include <stdio.h>
# include <string.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int rank, size;
char someString[] = "Can haz cheezburgerz?";
MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);
MPI_Comm_rank( MPI_COMM_WORLD, & rank );
MPI_Comm_size( MPI_COMM_WORLD, & size );
if ( rank == 0 )
{
int n = 42;
int i;
for( i = 1; i < size; ++i)
{
MPI_Send( &n, 1, MPI_INT, i, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD );
MPI_Send( &someString, strlen( someString )+1, MPI_CHAR, i, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD );
}
} else {
char buffer[ 128 ];
int received;
MPI_Status stat;
MPI_Recv( &received, 1, MPI_INT, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &stat );
printf( "[Worker] Number : %d\n", received );
MPI_Recv( buffer, 128, MPI_CHAR, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &stat );
printf( "[Worker] String : %s\n", buffer );
}
MPI_Finalize();
}