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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.73 [en] (X11; I; Linux 2.2.15-4mdk i686) [Netscape]">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.75 [en] (X11; U; Linux 2.2.17-21mdk i686) [Netscape]">
<title>Tutorial: Lesson 3</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="beige009.jpg">
@ -24,32 +24,40 @@ this time you will have <b><font color="#FF6600">full control of all components<
from the c<b><font color="#FF6600">ommand-line or a parameter file</font></b>.
You can even use the algorithm decribed here without any other knowledge
of EO, just by writing your fitness function as a plain C++ function. This
is why this lesson starts with a <a href="#programmerguide">user's guide</a>,
is why this lesson starts with a <a href="#userguide">user's guide</a>,
most of it being representation-independent, with some parts that are specific
of respectively the <a href="#binary">binary</a> and the <a href="#real">real</a>
algorithms.
<br>However, the ultimate purpose of this tutorial is to be able to do
your own experiments - and these these will likely fall outside the scope
of these two programs. This is why you should also read the programmer's
guides, as the structure and memory managements are here radically different
that in the 3 previous lessons - though relying of course on the same objects.
of these two programs. This is why you should also read the <a href="#programmerguide">programmer's
guides</a>, as the structure and memory managements are here radically
different that in the 3 previous lessons - though relying of course on
the same objects.
<br>&nbsp;
<p>
<hr WIDTH="100%">
<br><a NAME="userguide"></a><b><font color="#000099"><font size=+2>User's
guide</font></font></b>
<br><font color="#000000">As already said, the behavior of the algorithms
guide</font></font></b><font color="#000000"></font>
<p><font color="#000000">As already said, the behavior of the algorithms
will be exactly the same as the previous one as far as optimization is
concerned. Only now you will be able to tune every component of the algorithms
- except the type of genotype - using run-time parameters.</font>
(except the type of genotype) using run-time parameters.</font>
<br><font color="#000000">Also, as in previous lessons, most of the code
is representation-independent, i.e. is the same for both the binary genotypes
and the real-valued genotypes. This small user's guide reflects that, but
you can go directly to the <a href="#binary">binary</a> or the <a href="#real">real</a>
parts if you wish. Parameters input The way to input parameters has already
be described in <a href="eoLEsson3.html#paraminput">Lesson 3</a>. To get
a list of parameters, type the command with option --help (or -h): with
both testBit and testReal this will result in</font>
parts if you wish.</font>
<p><b><font color="#FF0000">Warning</font></b><font color="#000000">: this
is a user guide, not a programming guide. In particular, the </font><font color="#FF6600">keywords</font><font color="#000000">
of the parameters are </font><b><font color="#FF6600">not</font></b><font color="#000000">
the </font><font color="#FF6600">names</font><font color="#000000"> of
the underlying classes (though they should be similar in most cases).</font>
<p><b><font color="#000099"><font size=+1>User's guide:</font></font><font color="#FF0000">
Parameter input</font></b><font color="#000000"> The way to input parameters
has already be described in <a href="eoLEsson3.html#paraminput">Lesson
3</a>. To get a list of parameters, type the command with option --help
(or -h): with both testBit and testReal this will result in</font>
<ul>
<li>
<font color="#000000">Printing the list of keywords on the standard output</font></li>
@ -59,70 +67,97 @@ both testBit and testReal this will result in</font>
or testReal.status that contains the list of all recognized parameters
and has the format of an input parameter file.</font></li>
</ul>
<b><font color="#000099"><font size=+1>User's guide:</font></font></b><font color="#000000">
</font><b><font color="#FF0000">The status file</font></b>
<b><font color="#000099"><font size=+1>User's guide:</font></font><font color="#FF0000">The
status file</font></b>
<br><font color="#000000">This file will always contain the list of the
parameters that have been actually used by the last run of the program,
however thay have been entered (try </font><b><tt><font color="#FF6666"><font size=+1>testBit
-G1</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000"> and take a look a the
status file). The parameters that are commented out (a # character comments
out the rest of the line) in the file were not specified by the user.</font><font color="#000000"></font>
<p><b><font color="#000099"><font size=+1>User's guide:</font></font></b><font color="#000000">
</font><b><font color="#FF0000">Representation-independent parameters</font></b><font color="#000000"></font>
<br><font color="#000000">The parameters are organized in sections.</font>
<br><font color="#000000">The first section only contains the random seed.</font><font color="#000000"></font>
<p><b><tt><font color="#993300"><font size=+1>###### General ######</font></font></tt></b>
out the rest of the line) in the file are those that were not specified
by the user.</font>
<p><b><font color="#000099"><font size=+1>User's guide:</font></font><font color="#FF0000">Representation-independent
parameters</font></b>
<br><font color="#000000">The parameters are organized in sections. In
what follows, the fixed font colored text is directly taken from the status
file and is commented between the lines.</font>
<br>
<hr ALIGN=LEFT SIZE=3 WIDTH="30%">
<br><b><font size=+1><font color="#FF0000">Section </font><tt><font color="#993300">######
General ######</font></tt></font></b>
<br><b><tt><font color="#993300"><font size=+1># --help=0 # -h : Prints
this message</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Whether or not help was requested is handled
through a boolean parameter</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#993300"><font size=+1># --seed=988700289 # -S
: Random number seed</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">The seed for the <a href="eoProgramming.html#random">Random
Number Generator</a></font>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1>###### Output ######</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#FF0000">Boolean parameter </font><font color="#000000">of
absolutely no interest: tells whether or not help was requested.</font><b><tt><font color="#993300"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#993300"><font size=+1># --seed=988700289 # -S :
Random number seed</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#FF0000">Unsigned long parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
the seed for the <a href="eoProgramming.html#random">Random Number Generator</a>
If the parameter is absent, then time(0) is used, which indicates the number
of seconds since Jan. 1 1980, is used ... and stored in the status file,
of course, so you can repeat the same run by simply assigning that value
again. There is </font><font color="#FF0000">no default value ("true" random
seed)</font><font color="#000000">.</font>
<br>
<hr ALIGN=LEFT SIZE=3 WIDTH="30%">
<br><b><font size=+1><font color="#FF0000">Section </font><tt><font color="#3333FF">######
Output ######</font></tt></font></b>
<br><font color="#000000">This section contains parameters related to output
(to screen, to files, graphical, ...).</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --useEval=1 # Use nb of
(to screen, to files, graphical, ...).</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --useEval=1 # Use nb of
eval. as counter (vs nb of gen.)</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Boolean parameter, whether or not you want the
nb of evluations to be displayed and used as counter in plots</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --printBestStat=1 # Print
<br><font color="#FF0000">Boolean parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
whether or not you want the nb of evluations to be displayed and used as
counter in statistics outputs and plots. </font><font color="#FF0000">Default
is true</font><font color="#000000">.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --printBestStat=1 # Print
Best/avg/stdev every gen.</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Boolean parameter, toggles screen output of indicated
statistics</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --plotBestStat=0 # Plot
<br><font color="#FF0000">Boolean parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
toggles screen output of indicated statistics. </font><font color="#FF0000">Default
is true</font><font color="#000000">.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --plotBestStat=0 # Plot
Best/avg Stat</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Boolean parameter, toggles gnuplot output of
best and average plots (Linux only at the moment)</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --BestFileName=best.xg
<br><font color="#FF0000">Boolean parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
toggles gnuplot output of best and average plots (Linux only at the moment).
</font><font color="#FF0000">Default is false.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --BestFileName=best.xg
# Name of file for Best/avg/stdev</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">String parameter, if present, the statistics
are stored in that file (no default)</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --printPop=0 # Print sorted
<br><font color="#FF0000">String parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
if present, the statistics are stored in that file (</font><font color="#FF0000">no
default</font><font color="#000000">)</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --printPop=0 # Print sorted
pop. every gen.</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Boolean parameter, adds a dump of the whole population
to the screen every generation</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --printFDC=1 # Print FDC
<br><font color="#FF0000">Boolean parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
adds a dump of the whole population to the screen every generation. Is
likely to generate </font><b><font color="#FF6600">huge</font></b><font color="#000000">
output! </font><font color="#FF0000">Default is false.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --printFDC=1 # Print FDC
coeff. every gen.</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Boolean parameter, adds Fitness Distance Correlation
to output every generation</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --plotFDCStat=0 # Plot
<br><font color="#FF0000">Boolean parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
adds Fitness Distance Correlation to output every generation. </font><font color="#FF0000">Default
is false.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --plotFDCStat=0 # Plot
FDC scatter plot</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Boolean parameter, toggles the Fitness Distance
Correlation plot (Fitness vs distance to best)</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --plotHisto=0 # Plot histogram
<br><font color="#FF0000">Boolean parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
toggles the Fitness Distance Correlation plot (Fitness vs distance to best).
</font><font color="#FF0000">Default is false.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --plotHisto=0 # Plot histogram
of fitnesses</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Boolean parameter: if on, gnuplot is used to
plot the sorted population (fitness vs rank). Gives a graphical idea of
the diversity.</font><font color="#000000"></font>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1>###### Persistence ######</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#FF0000">Boolean parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
if on, gnuplot is used to plot the sorted population (fitness vs rank).
Gives a graphical idea of the diversity. </font><font color="#FF0000">Default
is false.</font>
<br>
<hr ALIGN=LEFT SIZE=3 WIDTH="30%">
<br><b><font size=+1><font color="#FF0000">Section </font><tt><font color="#3333FF">######
Persistence ######</font></tt></font></b>
<br><font color="#000000">This section contains parameters handling job
restart</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --Load= # -L : A save
file to restart from</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">String parameter: if present, the initial population
(and the RNG status) is read from indicated file. That file </font><b><font color="#FF0000">must</font></b><font color="#000000">
dump and restart mechanism</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --Load= # -L : A save file
to restart from</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#FF0000">String parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
if present, the initial population (and the RNG) is read from indicated
file. That file </font><b><font color="#FF0000">must</font></b><font color="#000000">
come from a previous save (or must be in same format!), i.e. must contain
a popualtion, the RNG and all parameters. If no other parameter is modified,
using a previously saved population and RNG will give exactly the same
@ -130,89 +165,143 @@ results than having run that previous run longer. And a way to be sure
to re-use the same parameters is to ... use that very save file as parameter
file, as it contains all actual parameters in the right format.</font>
<br><font color="#000000">Note that if not enough individuals are read,
the remaining are randomly initialized. No default value.</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --recomputeFitness=0 #
the remaining are randomly initialized. </font><font color="#FF0000">No
default value</font><font color="#000000">.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --recomputeFitness=0 #
-r : Recompute the fitness after re-loading the pop.?</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Boolean parameter: in case some individuals are
read from a file, their fitness is read too. If this one is true, it is
nevertheless recomputed.</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --saveFrequency=0 # Save
<br><font color="#FF0000">Boolean parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
in case some individuals are read from a file, their fitness is read too.
If this one is true, it is nevertheless recomputed. </font><font color="#FF0000">Default
is false</font><font color="#000000"> i.e. use fitnes that's in the file.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --saveFrequency=0 # Save
every F generation (0 = only final state, absent = never)</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Integer parameter: interval between two dump
to disk of the whole population (+RNG + parameters) to disk, in a file
named genNN.sav, where NN&nbsp;is the generation number. If this prameter
is present (even with 0 or negative value), the final population will always
be saved, whatever the reason for stopping. Hence the only way to avoid
all saves is to omit the parameter (there is no default value).</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --saveTimeInterval=0 #
<br><font color="#FF0000">Integer parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
interval between two dump to disk of the whole population (+RNG + parameters)
to disk, in a file named genNN.sav, where NN is the generation number.
If this prameter is present (even with 0 or negative value), the final
population will always be saved, whatever the reason for stopping. Hence
the only way to avoid all saves is to omit the parameter (there is </font><font color="#FF0000">no
default value</font><font color="#000000">).</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --saveTimeInterval=0 #
Save every T seconds (0 or absent = never)</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Integer parameter: time interval between two
population (+RNG + parameters) dumps to disks. Files are names timeNN.sav.
See pervious parameter description for ore details. No default value.</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --status=t-eoGA.status
<br><font color="#FF0000">Integer parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
time interval between two population (+RNG + parameters) dumps to disks.
Files are names timeNN.sav. See pervious parameter description for ore
details. </font><font color="#FF0000">No default value.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --status=t-eoGA.status
# Status file</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">String parameter: name of the status file (that
contains all parameters in the input format). There is no way to avoid
creating that file except recompiling ... or giving the name /dev/null
(Unix).</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1>###### Stopping criterion
######</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#FF0000">String parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
name of the status file (that contains all parameters in the input format).
There is no way to avoid creating that file except recompiling ... or giving
the name /dev/null (Unix). Default value is </font><font color="#FF0000">ProgramName.status</font>
<br>
<hr ALIGN=LEFT SIZE=3 WIDTH="30%">
<br><b><font size=+1><font color="#FF0000">Section </font><tt><font color="#3333FF">######
Stopping criterion ######</font></tt></font></b>
<br><font color="#000000">This section allows to decide when the algorithm
will stop.</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --maxGen=100 # -G : Maximum
will stop.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --maxGen=100 # -G : Maximum
number of generations (0 = none)</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Integer parameter: maximum number of generations.
Default is 0 which is equivalent to infinity.</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --steadyGen=100 # -s :
A value of 0 disables that stopping criterion. </font><font color="#FF0000">Default
is 100.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --steadyGen=100 # -s :
Number of generations with no improvement</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Integer parameter: stops whenever that number
of generations is passed without any improvement of the best fitness in
the population, provided the following minimum number of generations has
been done. No default value.</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --minGen=0 # -g : Minimum
<br><font color="#FF0000">Integer parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
stops whenever that number of generations is passed without any improvement
of the best fitness in the population, provided the following minimum number
of generations has been done. </font><font color="#FF0000">No default value.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --minGen=0 # -g : Minimum
number of generations</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Integer parameter: the above steadyGen parameter
starts its job only after that minimum nuber of generations is passed.
No default value.</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --maxEval=0 # -E : Maximum
</font><font color="#FF0000">No default value.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --maxEval=0 # -E : Maximum
number of evaluations (0 = none)</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Integer parameter: maximum number of generations.
No default value.</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --targetFitness=0 # -T
</font><font color="#FF0000">No default value.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --targetFitness=0 # -T
: Stop when fitness reaches</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Real-valued parameter: the algorithm stops whenever
the best fitness reaches that target. No default value.</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --CtrlC=0 # -C : Terminate
the best fitness reaches that target. </font><font color="#FF0000">No default
value.</font><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
<p><b><tt><font color="#3333FF"><font size=+1># --CtrlC=0 # -C : Terminate
current generation upon Ctrl C</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">Boolean parameter: if true, Ctrl C only stops
after the current generation as completed (eventually dumping population
to a file if some saver is active).</font>
<p><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>###### engine ######</font></font></tt></b>
to a file if some saver is active). THis very useful feature is only available
in Unix at the moment. </font><font color="#FF0000">Default is false.</font>
<br>
<hr ALIGN=LEFT SIZE=3 WIDTH="30%">
<br><b><font size=+1><font color="#FF0000">Section </font><tt><font color="#009900">######
engine ######</font></tt></font></b>
<br><font color="#000000">In this section, one chooses all components of
the Evolution Engine (selection, replacemenet and the like).</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1># --selection=DetTour(2)
the <a href="eoEngine.html">Evolution Engine</a> (selection, replacemenet
and the like).</font><font color="#000000"></font>
<p><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1># --selection=DetTour(2)
# -S : Selection: Roulette, DetTour(T), StochTour(t) or Sequential(ordered/unordered)</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">String parameter: Name of selection procedure.
Availabable are the </font><b><font color="#FF6600">roulette wheel</font></b><font color="#000000">
<br><font color="#FF0000">String parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
Name of <a href="eoEngine.html#selection">selection procedure.</a> Availabable
are the </font><b><font color="#FF6600">roulette wheel</font></b><font color="#000000">
(name </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>Roulette</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">,
fitness scaling coming soon), </font><b><font color="#FF6600">deterministic
fitness scaling coming soon); </font><b><font color="#FF6600">deterministic
tournament</font></b><font color="#000000"> (name </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>DetTour</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">
with size - integer > 2 - in parentheses right after the name, use double
quotes on the command line),&nbsp; stochastic tournament (name </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>StochTour</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">
with probability - float in [0.5, 1] - in parentheses), sequential (name
quotes on the command line);&nbsp; </font><b><font color="#FF6600">stochastic
tournament</font></b><font color="#000000"> (name </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>StochTour</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">
with probability - float in [0.5, 1] - in parentheses); </font><b><font color="#FF6600">sequential</font></b><font color="#000000">
(name
</font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>Sequential</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">,
all individuals in turn), either from best to worst (option </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>ordered</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">
in parentheses), or in random ordered (option </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>unordered</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">)
or finally repeated independent uniform choices&nbsp; (name </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>Random</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">).</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1># --offspringRate=100% #
-O : Nb of offspring (percentage or absolute)</font></font></tt></b><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1></font></font></tt></b>
in parentheses), or in random ordered (option </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>unordered</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">);
and finally repeated </font><b><font color="#FF6600">independent uniform
choices</font></b><font color="#000000">&nbsp; (name </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>Random</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">).
Default is </font><font color="#FF0000">DetTour(2)</font><font color="#000000">.</font><font color="#000000"></font>
<p><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1># --nbOffspring=100% # -O
: Nb of offspring (percentage or absolute)</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#FF0000">Integer or real-valued parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
this parameter indicates the </font><b><font color="#FF6600">amount of
offspring</font></b><font color="#000000"> that will be generated from
the genitors every generation. However, this amount can be specified either
</font><font color="#FF6600">relative</font><font color="#000000"> to the
population size, and it should then end with percent character (%), or
as an </font><font color="#FF6600">absolute</font><font color="#000000">
integer number (without the percent char).</font>
<br><font color="#000000">Indeed, you can either want, say 7 times more
offspring than parents (a rather common situation in Evolution Strategies),
in which case you give value 700% to </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>nbOffspring</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">
parameter; or you might want a single offspring whatever the population
size, like in Steady-State evolution engines, in which case you simply
enter value 1. </font><font color="#FF0000">Default is 100%</font><font color="#000000">.</font><font color="#000000"></font>
<p><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1># --replacement=Comma # -R
: Replacement: Comma, Plus or EPTour(T)</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#000000">String parameter: Name of replacement procedure.
Availabable are</font>
<br><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1># --weakElitism=0 # -w :
: Replacement: Comma, Plus, EPTour(T), SSGAWorst, SSGADet(T), SSGAStoch(t)</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#FF0000">String parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
Name of replacement procedure. Availabable are the </font><b><font color="#FF6600">ES
plus and comma</font></b><font color="#000000"> deterministic replacement
strategies (named respectively </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>Plus</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">
and&nbsp; </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>Comma</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">);
</font><b><font color="#FF6600">EP stochastic tournament</font></b><font color="#000000">
(name </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>EPTour</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">
with tournament size in parentheses); and the </font><b><font color="#FF6600">steady-state
</font></b><font color="#000000">replacement procedures, at the moment
only based on fitnesses, replacement being either </font><font color="#FF6600">deterministic</font><font color="#000000">
(new born replace worst parent, name </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>SSGAWorst</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">),&nbsp;
or based on a tournament&nbsp; (name </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>SSGADet</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">
for deterministic tournament, size in parentheses, and </font><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>SSGAStoch</font></font></tt></b><font color="#000000">&nbsp;
for stochastic tournament, probability in parentheses). </font><font color="#FF0000">Default
is Comma</font><font color="#000000"> (which btw is also SGA </font><font color="#FF0000">generational
replacement</font><font color="#000000"> whenever there are as many offspring
as parents).</font><font color="#000000"></font>
<p><b><tt><font color="#009900"><font size=+1># --weakElitism=0 # -w :
Old best parent replaces new worst offspring *if necessary*</font></font></tt></b>
<br><font color="#009900"></font>&nbsp;
<br><font color="#FF0000">Boolean parameter:</font><font color="#000000">
if true, weak elitism is added to the replacement procedure (i.e. if the
best fitness among the offspring is less than the best fitness, the best
parent replaces the worst offspring). </font><font color="#FF0000">Default
is false.</font>
<p><b><font color="#000099"><font size=+1>User's guide:</font></font><font color="#FF0000">
Bistring specific parameters</font></b>
<br>&nbsp;
<p>
<hr WIDTH="100%">
<br><a NAME="programmerguide"></a><b><font color="#000099"><font size=+2>Programmer's